In the Arab world, Gregorian month names are typically phonetic adaptations of European month names. However, due to varied historical, cultural, and regional influences, different areas have developed their own unique names and transliterations. The following sections present an in-depth overview of these month names, organized by region.
1. Iraq & the Levant (Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine)
In this region, the month names are inherited from the ancient Babylonian and Assyrian lunisolar calendars. Although the adapted names sound similar to their European counterparts, their original meanings and positions in the calendar differ.
January
- Arabic Script: كانُون الثانِي
- Transliteration: Kānūn aṯ-Ṯānī
February
- Arabic Script: شُباط
- Transliteration: Šubāṭ
March
- Arabic Script: آذار
- Transliteration: ʾĀḏār
April
- Arabic Script: نَيْسان
- Transliteration: Naysān
May
- Arabic Script: أَيّار
- Transliteration: ʾAyyār
June
- Arabic Script: حَزِيران
- Transliteration: Ḥazīrān
July
- Arabic Script: تَمُّوز
- Transliteration: Tammūz
August
- Arabic Script: آب
- Transliteration: ʾĀb
September
- Arabic Script: أَيْلُول
- Transliteration: ʾAylūl
October
- Arabic Script: تِشْرِين الْأَوَّل
- Transliteration: Tišrīn al-ʾAwwal
November
- Arabic Script: تِشْرِين الثانِي
- Transliteration: Tišrīn aṯ-Ṯānī
December
- Arabic Script: كانُون الْأَوَّل
- Transliteration: Kānūn al-ʾAwwal
2. Egypt, (General) Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia
In these regions, the month names are derived from ancient Latin names and have been adapted into Arabic. Pronunciations and spellings often vary based on local dialects.
January
- Arabic Script: يَنايِر
- Transliteration: Yanāyir
February
- Arabic Script: فِبْرايِر
- Transliteration: Fibrāyir
March
- Arabic Script: مارِس
- Transliteration: Mārs / Māris
April
- Arabic Script: أَبْرِيل / إبْرِيل
- Transliteration: ʾAbrīl / ʾIbrīl
May
- Arabic Script: مايُو
- Transliteration: Māyū
June
- Arabic Script: يُونِيُو / يُونِية
- Transliteration: Yūniyū / Yūnyah
July
- Arabic Script: يُولِيُو / يُولِية
- Transliteration: Yūliyū / Yūliyah
August
- Arabic Script: أَغُسْطُس
- Transliteration: Ağusṭus
September
- Arabic Script: سِبْتَمْبَر
- Transliteration: Sibtambar
October
- Arabic Script: أُكْتُوبَر
- Transliteration: ʾUktūbar
November
- Arabic Script: نُوفَمْبَر / نُوَنْبِر
- Transliteration: Nūfambar / Nuwanbar
December
- Arabic Script: دِيسَمْبَر
- Transliteration: Dīsambar
3. Unique Month Names in Libya (1969–2011)
Under Muammar Gaddafi’s regime, the Gregorian month names were uniquely renamed (adopted in 1986 and later abolished after the 2011 revolution). Each month was given a name inspired by natural elements, historical figures, or revolutionary symbolism.
January
- Arabic Script: أَيّ النار
- Transliteration: Ayy an-Nār
February
- Arabic Script: النُوّار
- Transliteration: an-Nuwwār
March
- Arabic Script: الرَبِيع
- Transliteration: ar-Rabīʿ
April
- Arabic Script: الطَيْر
- Transliteration: aṭ-Ṭayr
May
- Arabic Script: الماء
- Transliteration: al-Māʾ
June
- Arabic Script: الصَيْف
- Transliteration: aṣ-Ṣayf
July
- Arabic Script: ناصِر
- Transliteration: Nāṣir
August
- Arabic Script: هانِيبال
- Transliteration: Hānībāl
September
- Arabic Script: الفاتِح
- Transliteration: al-Fātiḥ
October
- Arabic Script: التُمُور / الثُمُور
- Transliteration: at-Tumūr / aṯ-Ṯumūr
November
- Arabic Script: الحَرْث
- Transliteration: al-Ḥarṯ
December
- Arabic Script: الكانون
- Transliteration: al-Kānūn
4. Algeria & Tunisia (Influenced by French)
The legacy of French colonial rule is evident in the month names used in Algeria and Tunisia. These names are adapted from French and remain in everyday use.
January
- Arabic Script: جانْفِي
- Transliteration: Jānvi
- French Name: janvier
February
- Arabic Script: فِيفْرِي
- Transliteration: Fīvri
- French Name: février
March
- Arabic Script: مارْس
- Transliteration: Mārs / Māris
- French Name: mars
April
- Arabic Script: أفْرِيل
- Transliteration: ʾAvrīl
- French Name: avril
May
- Arabic Script: ماي
- Transliteration: Mēy
- French Name: mai
June
- Arabic Script: جْوان
- Transliteration: Jwān
- French Name: juin
July
- Arabic Script: جْوِيلِْية
- Transliteration: Jwīlya
- French Name: juillet
August
- Arabic Script: أُوت
- Transliteration: ʾŪt
- French Name: août
September
- Arabic Script: سِبْتُمْبر
- Transliteration: Septōmbr
- French Name: septembre
October
- Arabic Script: أُكْتُوبر
- Transliteration: ʾOktōbr
- French Name: octobre
November
- Arabic Script: نُوفُمْبر
- Transliteration: Novōmbr
- French Name: novembre
December
- Arabic Script: دِيسُمْبر
- Transliteration: Desōmbr
- French Name: décembre
5. Morocco (Influence of Berber Tradition)
Morocco’s traditional calendar reflects the ancient Berber agricultural heritage from Roman times. Even though the country now uses the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, local month names rooted in Berber tradition remain in use.
January
- Arabic Script: يَنّايِر
- Transliteration: Yannāyir
February
- Arabic Script: فِبْرايِر
- Transliteration: Fibrāyir
March
- Arabic Script: مارْس
- Transliteration: Mārs
April
- Arabic Script: إبْرِيل
- Transliteration: ʾIbrīl
May
- Arabic Script: ماي
- Transliteration: Māy
June
- Arabic Script: يُونِيُّو
- Transliteration: Yūniyyū
July
- Arabic Script: يُولِيُّوز
- Transliteration: Yūliyyūz
August
- Arabic Script: غُشْت
- Transliteration: Ğušt
September
- Arabic Script: شُتَنْبِر
- Transliteration: Šutanbir
October
- Arabic Script: أُكْتُوبِر
- Transliteration: ʾUktūbir
November
- Arabic Script: نُوَنْبِر
- Transliteration: Nuwanbir
December
- Arabic Script: دُجَنْبِر
- Transliteration: Dujanbir
Conclusion
The Gregorian month names used across the Arab world are a rich tapestry woven from ancient calendars, colonial legacies, and indigenous traditions. Each region’s adaptation reflects its unique historical and cultural journey:
- Iraq & the Levant: Inherited from ancient Babylonian and Assyrian traditions.
- Egypt, Sudan & Eastern Arabia: Based on Latin-derived names.
- Libya (1969–2011): Featuring uniquely renamed months during Gaddafi’s era.
- Algeria & Tunisia: Shaped by the influence of French colonialism.
- Morocco: Maintaining the legacy of the Berber calendar.
This comprehensive guide illustrates the diverse cultural heritage and evolution of calendar systems in the Arab world.
References: Wikipedia – أسماء الشهور / Arabic names of Gregorian months
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